Human Resource Management And Organizational Planning

1.0 Introduction Effective human resource (HR) planning requires appropriate strategy formulation as well as implementation of those strategies to achieve organizational objectives (Bratton and Gold, 2012). The statement in the task made by Torrington, Hall, Taylor and Atkinson in their book named ‘Human Resource Management’ published under Pearson education focuses on the implementation stage of the HR strategies by the organizations and entrepreneurs. The statement â€Å"Human resource strategies can be stimulating to produce and satisfying to display, but how can we make sure that they are implemented?† (Torrington et al., 2011:73) can be segregated into two parts. In the first part, the authors are complacent about the advantages of the various HR strategies for organizational planning and understanding the role those may play for the organizational success. However, in the second part the authors have become sceptic about the implementation of the available strategies and it indicates the lack of measurement techniques implemented by the management to observe the actual outcome of initiating those HR strategies. The next section would discuss the related literature review addressing this issue to cover the most relevant topics i.e. HR strategies modes, HR strategy implementation process, measurement techniques and key performance indicators etc. The analysis of the statement would primarily focus on the implementation stage of the HR strategies, availability of differentShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Structure Of The Atha Corporation Essay1694 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Structure Human Resources Functional Area As the Atha Corporation grows changes will need to occur to the structure of each functional area. Within H.R. we added two more Human Resource Generalists. 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Asylum Seekers And Australia s Coast Line Along With...

This report will discuss the history of asylum seekers coming to Australia’s coast line along with discover most recent rules regarding the issues adjoining completely new arrivals of asylum searchers. It will provide a review for the behaviour towards of asylum searchers within Australia as part of stimulating integration of individuals through diverse nationalities. This document will intend to deal with the problems of asylum searchers along with refugees are usually going through inside Australia. This coverage on Asylum Hunters as well as Refugees remains probably the most argumentative issues inside today’s Australia. Australians have got seen quite a few alterations of this type in excess of recent several weeks. These are going†¦show more content†¦Many flee as a result of faith based persecution, others for their race, sexual category, or maybe ethnicity while a few precede due to their politics stances, faith based affiliations or maybe social rank. T his kind of exploration will probably focus on problems faced by simply Asylum seekers in addition to whether or not they need to be permitted within formulated international locations (Australia) along with the honest factor of the Australian federal government insurance policy in asylum seekers. The following paragraphs shed light on the ethical discussion for this circumstance. Definition It is pivotal to understand the definition of ethics along with asylum searchers. Ethics will be the steps of an individual with conscious and represent the free sort of getting certainly not by experiencing where did they are generally conducted, although looking for a judgement about perhaps the act is actually ethically appropriate or maybe completely wrong. Ethics as well as morals are conceptually unique although because identical results of deciding this social process along with intend to guarantee an existence associated with quality regarding provide as well as potential ages. Some sort of refugee is a one that is external their unique land and is incapable or maybe resistant to return because of well-founded concern with being persecuted because of their race, religious beliefs, nationality, member s program of a particular

Evidence Based Study Use of Personal Protective Equipment for ICU Nur

Question: Discuss about theEvidence Based Studyfor Use of Personal Protective Equipment for ICU Nurses. Answer: Key words: PPE, ICU nurses, critical care, challenges, advantages, hand washing, ventilated patients, MRSA infections, hospital settings, responsibility of the nurses, comparison of PPE and hand washing, health hazards, risk factors, practices of PPE, transmission of infections, measures of prevention, infection prevention control, ineffective hand hygiene Introduction Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) must be availed by the nurses who work at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) defines PPE as equipment worn by an employee in order to protect oneself from infectious materials. Nurses in ICU work in hazardous situations involving patients with contagious and life threatening diseases such as influenza, Ebola, tuberculosis, anthrax, rabies, small pox, cholera (Tweedy, 2014). To prevent the nurses from contracting the diseases, proper safety based equipment is necessary. PPE protects the nurses from pathogens, which might spread through contact, aerosols and droplets. This essay aims to provide a background of the selected nursing issue, which is use of personal protective equipment for ICU nurses on ventilated patients. The essay will provide details of the search terms, source of evidence, and criteria of selection of each article. The essay aims at explaining the levels of evidence and critically analyzing the practice recommendations based on the level of evidence and the relevance to nursing practice in the healthcare settings of New Zealand. In addition, the essay will suggest the further areas of study based on the findings of the researched evidences. Background of the Nursing Issue Personal protective equipment refers to the specialized equipments or clothing that is utilized for protecting the healthcare professionals and the patients from pathogens (Gomersall et al., 2006). It plays a significant role in creating a barrier between the individuals and the microorganisms. It includes facemasks, goggles, gowns and gloves. The use of Personal protective equipment for ICU nurses on ventilated patients is essential and the nurses should be educated regarding it in every possible way as it is concerned with the health and safety of the patients (Santos et al., 2016). The PICOT question that has been developed for the nursing issue is: Does the proper use of Personal Protective Equipment by the ICU nurses minimize the risk of nosocomial infections in the ventilated patients, in comparison to Hand washing? P (Population) - ICU nurses I (Interventions) - Proper utilization of PPE for ICU nurses on ventilated patients C (Comparison) - Hand washing by nurses in the ICU for ventilated patients O (outcome) - Reduce spreading of nosocomial infections T (Time frame) Measuring outcome in 6 weeks The literature survey has been carried out by referring to the research articles that has been published from the year 2006-2016, which describes the use of personal protective equipment for ICU nurses on ventilated patients. These articles has been searched in PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Science direct, Gideon, Google Scholar, Dopher, ELDIS, Health Evidence, HealthData.gov, Healthdirect, Medlineplus, Medscape, Ovid Nursing database, Oxford University Press Journals, PubMed Central databases. Critical Analysis of the Practice Based Recommendations Rozenbojm et al. (2015) (Level III- the evidence has been obtained from a controlled trial without involving randomization) has carried out a study in relation to the nurses using facial protective equipment. The suggestion has been made where the nurses should use FPE to protect themselves from contracting transmissible respiratory tract diseases while treating the patients. The higher level of evidence shows that the recommendation is applicable for nursing practice. Nichol et al. (2011) (Level IV- evidence has been obtained from a case control study) has carried out a similar study on FPE. Iten et al. (2015) (Level VI- evidence has been obtained from a single descriptive study) has carried out a study where Infection Control Specialists (ICS) have trained and supervised the nurses and staff in using PPE while handling patients with Ebola Virus disease and how to dispose off their waste without causing an outbreak, in an European setting. The evidence is low which shows that few su ch studies has been carried out in respect to Ebola virus. Beam et al. (2014) (Level IV) has carried out the study where the patients make basic mistakes while handling patients who are suffering from contagious diseases. Guidelines have been suggested for the nurses working in such a setting to use PPE measures in order not to contract the diseases. The high level of evidencing shows that the error study among the nursing practices still requires a detailed study as it is for their own safety. Jain et al. (2013) carried out a similar study (Level VI) where they have studied the factors that are responsible for limiting the use of PPE in respect to a tertiary care hospital. The nurses must be careful and alert and take it into their stride of using PPE as it is a matter of their health. The low level of evidence shows the lack of in depth study in this context and it can mistly be furthered by carrying out a population-based study. Shrestha (2014) (Level IV) has carried out a study on the impact that educational based intervention has on the nurses to inspire them to follow universally followed practices in respect to personal precautions. The low level of evidence shows that the study still has a lot of room for further exploration. Leonard and Timmins (2013) (Level VII- evidence has been obtained from expert communities) had carried out a study that involved the precautionary measures that has to be followed in order to safe guard the patients as well as the nurses from contracting blood-borne infections. PPE based guidelines must be followed and the low level of evidence shows that the sufficient information has not been collected from an in detailed study. Thorough research has to be carried out in order to validate the recommendations. Verbeek et al. (2016) (Level II) has carried out a study where stress has been laid on the usage of PPE by the nurses in order to reduce the prevalence of infection among the nurses. From the aspect of contaminated body fluids has been used to discuss the importance of PPE usage among the nurses. The high level of evidence shows that a thorough study has been carried out with the use of RCT and the values obtained show a high level of significance. Practice Recommendations in Relation to the Healthcare Settings of New Zealand Pesiridis et al. (2014) (Level II- evidence has been obtained from a randomized controlled trial) has carried out a study which has aimed at explaining the guidelines and safe practices for the nurses to follow during a disease related disaster. The high level of evidence shows that it can be applied in the New Zealand setting. de Carvalho Nagliate et al. (2013) (Level IV evidence has been obtained from a case control study) has also suggested standard precautionary measures which must be followed by the nurses while working with patients who are infected with contagious diseases and it is definitely more effective than hand washing. The evidence level is not exactly low and it can be applied in the New Zealand setting. Bin-Reza et al. (2012) (Level I- evidence has been obtained from systematic review of a RCT) has carried out a study where he has discussed the use of masks as well as respirators in order to prevent the transmission of influenza in the nurses working with them. The high level of evidence makes it eligible to be applied in the nursing setting of New Zealand. Eskander, Morsy Elfeky (2013) (Level VI) has carried out a study involving nurses in ICU and the knowledge and practices in regard to the infection control standard based precautions in an Egyptian Cancer Hospital setting. The low level of evidence shows that thorough research still needs to be carried out to be applied as a recommendation in respect to New Zealand nursing setting. Abad et al. (2014) (Level IV) has carried out a study basically to reduce the transmission of MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aueus) and VRE (Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus) among ICU patients by making sure the nurses follow proper PPE usage guidelines to prevent infection. Mitchell et al. (2013) (Level IV) has carried out studies in a Canadian setting where they have considered hospitals and has referred to the data collected from the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program. The high level of evidence shows that there is still a scope of research that needs to be carried out. Schwartz, Shapira Bar-Dayan (2014) (Level II) has carried out a study where the knowledge and confidence of the nurses in respect to PPE was evaluated in an Israeli setting during the H1N1 pandemic. The level of evidence is high and it can use in the nursing setting of New Zealand. Such a pandemic can hit New Zealand and during such a situation, the nurses must use PPE to reduce their chances of contracting the disease and be in a condition where they are abel to provide care and service to the patients. Valdez (2014)(Level VI) has carried out a study where he has recommended the safe practices that are adhered to PPE. The study that has been carried out has a low level of incidence because it neither targeted a particular population nor did it consider a particular setting where the guidelines could have been applied. The evidence is simply a single descriptive work considering the safe practices in respect to PPE have been outlined. Hence, this evidence cannot be used as a recomme ndation in respect to the nursing setting of New Zealand. Loveday et al. (2014 (Level VII) had carried out a study where they have outlined the National Evidence Based guidelines which has been used in preventing the Healthcare associated infections at NHS hospitals, part of the England setting. the lower level of evidence is very low and it is mostly because the study is limited in England only. However, the guidelines are quite applicable to nursing practice in any setting. Hence, they can be recommended for the nursing practice in New Zealand setting. Butt et al. (2016) (Level II) has carried out a study where prevention practices for infection by MERS (Middle- East Respiratory Syndrome) has been suggested in respect to the Saudi Arabian setting. The guidelines have been suggested in order to prevent the patient and the nurses from contracting the disease. The guidelines suggested can be applied to nursing setting in New Zealand since the level of evidence is high. Most of the guidelines have suggested that PPE is a better method than hand washing. Hence, the recommendations were suggested which are inclined more towards the usage of PPE as the best measure for preventing the infection among the nurses. Further Areas of Study Based on the findings of the evidence search, the further areas of study include the development of novel methods for maintaining hand hygiene by using PPE by ICU nurses for the ventilated patients. Since, the patients that are admitted have critical condition and they require appropriate and care for recovering their health effectively (Hickman, 2015). The traditional and the current methods practiced by the nurses and the other healthcare professionals, sometimes fail to accomplish the goal of maintaining the health and safety of the patients. Therefore, the new methods will be more accurate and will help the nurses and the other healthcare professionals in an efficient manner. Conclusion The analysis of all the chosen articles has illustrated all the levels of evidence and has provided information regarding the comparison of hand washing and PPE by the ICU nurses for the ventilated patients. The evaluation regarding the adequacy of the information provided has been carried out for allowing the computation of comparable dimensions of outcome across studies. Additionally for the potential risk factors, it has been noted that a preponderance of the studies have demonstrated a significant correlation concerning the assessment of appropriate utilization of hand washing and PPE for ICU nurses on ventilated patients and only some of the studies have not revealed such significant relationship between these two. References: Abad, C. L., Pulia, M. S., Krupp, A., Safdar, N. (2014). Reducing Transmission of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus in the ICUAn Update on Prevention and Infection Control Practices.JCOM,21(5). Beam, E. L., Gibbs, S. G., Hewlett, A. L., Iwen, P. C., Nuss, S. L., Smith, P. W. (2014). Method for investigating nursing behaviors related to isolation care.American journal of infection control,42(11), 1152-1156. bin?Reza, F., Lopez Chavarrias, V., Nicoll, A., Chamberland, M. E. (2012). The use of masks and respirators to prevent transmission of influenza: a systematic review of the scientific evidence.Influenza and other respiratory viruses,6(4), 257-267. Butt, T. S., Koutlakis-Barron, I., AlJumaah, S., AlThawadi, S., AlMofada, S. (2016). Infection control and prevention practices implemented to reduce transmission risk of Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus in a tertiary care institution in Saudi Arabia.American journal of infection control,44(5), 605-611. De Carvalho Nagliate, P., Nogueira, P. C., de Godoy, S., Mendes, I. A. C. (2013). Measures of knowledge about standard precautions: A literature review in nursing.Nurse education in practice,13(4), 244-249. Eskander, H. G., Morsy, W. Y. M., Elfeky, H. A. A. (2013). Intensive Care Nurses Knowledge Practices regarding Infection Control StandardPrecautions at a Selected Egyptian Cancer Hospital.prevention,4(19). Gomersall, C. D., Joynt, G. M., Ho, O. M., Ip, M., Yap, F., Derrick, J. L., Leung, P. (2006). Transmission of SARS to healthcare workers. The experience of a Hong Kong ICU.Intensive care medicine,32(4), 564-569. Hickman, C. (2015). Literature Review of Nosocomial Infections Passed Through Nurses' Personal Items. Iten, A., Charati, M. N., Ginet, C., Brennenstuhl, P., Pittet, D. (2015). Burden for the infection control programme of a European hospital of getting prepared and treat a patient (PT) with Ebola virus disease (EVD).Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control,4(1), 1. Jain, M., Dogra, V., Mishra, B., Thakur, A., Loomba, P. S. (2013). Factors limiting the usage of personal protective equipment in a tertiary-care hospital.Canadian Journal of Infection Control,28(2). Leonard, L., Timmins, F. (2013). Remembering the importance of preventing blood?borne infections in the critical care setting.Nursing in critical care,18(1), 4-7. Loveday, H. P., Wilson, J., Pratt, R. J., Golsorkhi, M., Tingle, A., Bak, A., ... Wilcox, M. (2014). epic3: national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England.Journal of Hospital Infection,86, S1-S70. Mitchell, R., Roth, V., Gravel, D., Astrakianakis, G., Bryce, E., Forgie, S., ... Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program. (2013). Are health care workers protected? An observational study of selection and removal of personal protective equipment in Canadian acute care hospitals.American journal of infection control,41(3), 240-244. Nichol, K., McGeer, A., Bigelow, P., O'Brien-Pallas, L., Scott, J., Holness, D. L. (2013). Behind the mask: Determinants of nurse's adherence to facial protective equipment.American journal of infection control,41(1), 8-13. Pesiridis, T., Sourtzi, P., Galanis, P., Kalokairinou, A. (2015). Development, implementation and evaluation of a disaster training programme for nurses: A Switching Replications randomized controlled trial.Nurse education in practice,15(1), 63-67. Rozenbojm, M. D., Nichol, K., Spielmann, S., Holness, D. L. (2015). Hospital unit safety climate: Relationship with nurses' adherence to recommended use of facial protective equipment.American journal of infection control,43(2), 115-120. Santos, D. G., de Medeiros, S. M., Chaves, A. E. P., de Sousa, Y. G., Silva, A. C. R., de Menezes, R. M. P., de Arajo, M. S. (2016). Accidents by Sharp Instruments of Nursing Professionals in a Hospital Unit.International Archives of Medicine,9(1). Schwartz, D., Shapira, S., Bar-Dayan, Y. (2014). Health care workers knowledge and confidence in personal protective equipment during the H1N1 pandemic in Israel.Disaster Med Public Health Prep,11, 1-8. Shrestha, I. (2015). Impact of Educational Intervention on Knowledge and Practice of Universal Precautions among Nurses.Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences,1(1), 57-60. Siegel, J. D., Rhinehart, E., Jackson, M., Chiarello, L. (2007). 2007 guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in health care settings.American journal of infection control,35(10), S65-S164. Tweedy, J. T. (2014).Healthcare Safety for Nursing Personnel: An Organizational Guide to Achieving Results. CRC Press. Valdez, A. M. (2015). Are You Covered? Safe Practices for the use of Personal Protective Equipment.Journal of Emergency Nursing,41(2), 154-157. Verbeek, J. H., Ijaz, S., Mischke, C., Ruotsalainen, J. H., Mkel, E., Neuvonen, K., ... Mihalache, R. C. (2015). Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff.The Cochrane Library.

Politics 2.0 Advantages and Disadvantages

The internet is the centre of focus for today’s generation in terms of information flow from one place to another. Politics has not been left behind in the utilization of the information super highway. Dittmer, Fukui and Lee (2000, 3) define politics as â€Å"who gets what, when, how and at whose expense†. Based on this definition, politics is a process through which distribution of public goods and services is appropriated.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Politics 2.0†² Advantages and Disadvantages specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To influence the distribution of national goods and services, one requires ability to influence the public to be aligned to certain principles or interests. However, in order to influence masses one requires a way of reaching out to the people with information. This paper explores the application of electronic media in politics, democracy and government. The aim of the paper is to identify the advantages and disadvantages of using the electronic applications, such as Politics 2.0, in politics. Traditionally, television, radio, and newspapers were the only reliable medium of reaching masses. With advance in information technology, the internet has become a vital tool of passing out information to the public within a short period of time and at a low cost. This has been dubbed the electronic era, abbreviated as the e-era (Bidgoli 2004, 25). Virtually all sectors utilizing the electronic information flow have acquired the â€Å"e† letter which stands for electronic. Terms like e-politics, e-government and e-democracy have emerged as a result of the new technology that facilitates information flow. Conventionally, the public elects political representatives who pass laws and promulgate policies on its behalf. E-democracy is the new way of politicking that allows the citizens to participate directly in democratic governance processes (Abramson and Morin 2003, 19). In this new dispensation, citizens are not alienated from the policy and law formulation processes. The general public or citizens are able to directly influence or add their voice to debate on given laws or policy issues. E-democracy can also be understood as the new way of actively advocating for democracy within nations and across the globe. Through advances in information technology, information is widely shared via the internet. Democracy related information is generated by such actors like democracy conscious citizens, media, political organizations or a government and streamed via the internet (David, Trevorrow and Halpin, 28). E-democracy encourages higher interaction between the ruled and the rulers. The citizens participate more directly in the politics by supporting their preferred candidates or policy issues. Social networking plays a critical role in advancing e-democracy (Bidgoli 2004, 142). Through social networks, individual citizens c an drum up support for their preferred political candidate or law or policy. Moreover, e-democracy aims at improving voter turn out or participation in the voting process.Advertising Looking for research paper on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More E-democracy is most efficient and effective where government processes have been made electronic (David, Trevorrow and Halpin, 11). When some or critical government processes are made electronic, an e-government develops. E-governing entails provision of government services through the web. This implies using the web services to bring together different government agencies to one platform. Making government processes electronic enhances transparency and accountability among the government employees (Abramson and Morin 2003, 22). IT has unparalleled properties of providing highly interconnected communication channels, ways of processing information and data management (Bidgoli 2004, 6). Internet business or e-commerce is being adopted all over the world. E-commerce is viewed by many around the globe as a more convenient way of doing business. In the public sector, e-government is being adopted very fast as a convenient way through which governance can be executed. Applying IT in governance has opened numerous opportunities for raising management standards and improving the quality of service provision to the public (Abramson and Morin 2003, 21). IT improves management quality by reducing bureaucracies, improving performance and simplifies administrative procedures (Mayer 2008, 48). Several governments have an integrated online system that contains all services that the government provides, when and where the citizens can access the services. During Clinton’s rein, the federal government put up an online system detailing all resources the federal government could offer. This online resource, which was unveiled in June 2000, can be found at www.firstgov.gov (Abramson and Morin 2003, 12). Politics 2.0 found wide usage in the USA in early 2007. This was in anticipation of the 2008 elections. This software generally changed the way of politicking by taking much clout from traditional media. Much political discourse became streamed through websites and blogs. Politics 2.0 was aimed at changing the interaction between voters, media and politicians. Internet campaigns were the most popular tools of mobilization during the 2008 presidential campaigns that saw president Obama win the elections (Chadwick 2009, 23). Politics 2.0 has many Pros or advantages. Foremost, as an internet application, it enables much interaction between the voters and candidates (Mayer 2008, 81). Since adoption of Politics 2.0 in the USA, greater interest in democratic processes was generated. President Obama, it can be argued, is the first president to have widely employed to his advantage e-democracy processes (Chadwick 2009, 27).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Politics 2.0†² Advantages and Disadvantages specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many people participated in democratic discourses on social networks and other e-forums. Furthermore, Politics 2.0 has also enabled voters or citizens to easily create and get support for petitions or given causes. With Politics 2.0, democratic actors easily generate and facilitate sharing of detailed material on democratic issues. Internet campaign unlike other channels such as radio, and television, gives a political candidate a permanent online advertisement that can be accessed by supporters anytime anywhere. â€Å"The 2008 presidential candidates used the internet to create a permanent online presence through websites, chat rooms, forums and social networks such as MySpace, facebook, YouTube and brightcove† (Johnson 2008, 87). However, all good things have their flipside. One of the cons associated with Politics 2.0 is that it increases pressure on elected officers. It requires that politicians continue attending to the citizens they were interacting with during campaigns even when under pressure of new offices. E-politics apparently does not clearly show a distinction between political campaigns and governance (Mayer 2008, 97). This could result in a situation where political campaigns take centre stage and run for the whole regime. The internet gives political candidates a permanent presence on the web. The permanent presence means politicians permanently engaging the electorate in permanent politicking at the expense of formulating and implementing policies (Mayer 2008, 101). Furthermore, making politics e-intensive is likely to reduce interest in conventional representation. When citizens have a forum through which they can voice or push for their interests, representation becomes challenged (David, Trevorrow and Halpin, 113). The work of the elected representative become s confused. Additionally, like all internet based processes, managing information security is a big challenge. Wrong information easily spreads to the wrong recipients. The internet can be used to widely spread propaganda about a candidate in a very short period of time (White 2007, 33). Voters can be made to shift their support from one candidate to another by a mere negative message about a candidate posted to the web. Senator Allen George who had in 2004 won the Virginia election with confidence suffered a big blow in 2006 from his call for the â€Å"macaca moment† (Johnson 2008, 98).Advertising Looking for research paper on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Videos of the macaca moment by Senator Allen were uploaded on YouTube and viewed by many viewers. This incidence shifted the support he had from the voters making him lose the election. In the case of e-governance, the security of information posted on government web portals has remained a point of concern (White 2007, 42). Finally, it is worthy noting e-politics and e-governance is driven by an emerging technology which is not known or well understood by all. Relying on it fully would mean sidelining those who are not trained from accessing government services (White 2007, 39). To avoid sidelining any citizens, parallel processes are set in place. There are e-processes and conventional processes. This two line way of governing is efficient and effective but may prove expensive in the case of some processes. It is like having two lines of production running when only one would be efficient enough. In conclusion, the internet has changed politicking especially in the developed nation s. E-democracy allows citizen’s participation in policy formulation by giving opinion on the policy through the web (White 2007, 24). E-governance means that the government is executing it functions electronically. This shift has its advantages and disadvantages. On the positive side, the shift has led to higher participation of citizens in governance issues. On the negative side, electronic applications like Politics 2.0 pose information security challenges especially where high stake politics is the case (White 2007, 27). The adoption e-governance and e-democracy as enabled by applications like Politics 2.0 is laudable but has to be approached with the necessary precaution. Reference List Abramson, Mark and Morin, Therese. 2003. E-government 2003. New York: Rowman Littlefield Publishers Bidgoli, Hossein. 2004. The Internet Encyclopedia. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons Chadwick Andrew. 2009. Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics. New York: Taylor Francis David, Griffin, Tre vorrow, Philippa and Halpin, F. Edward. 2007. Developments in  E-Government: A Critical Analysis. Amsterdam: IOS Press Dittmer, Lowell, Fukui, Haruhiro and Lee Peter. 2000. Informal Politics in East Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press Johnson, Dennis. 2008. Routledge Handbook of Political Management. New York: Taylor Francis Mayer, William. 2008. The Making of the Presidential Candidate 2008. New York: Rowman Littlefield Publishers White, Jay D. 2007. Managing Information in the Public Sector  New York: M.E. Sharpe This research paper on Politics 2.0†² Advantages and Disadvantages was written and submitted by user Silver Gorilla to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.