African American Studies-Introduction to the Art of Africa Essay

African American Studies-Introduction to the Art of Africa - Essay Example Grown-up men in African wear most covers. All things considered, there will be there is one cover that isn't worn by men. The fundamental reason for this paper is to portray which cover isn't worn by men. Furthermore, there will be an examination of when the cover is worn just as who wear the covers. Larger part of covers are worn by men as they are the main individuals in the general public who are allowed to lead ceremonial exercises. Most covers are worn in formal moves, commencement services, during the war as an indication of being daring among different events. Despite what might be expected, the Mende cover is worn only by ladies (Foster 1). The Mende veil is worn by the Sande social orders who are topographically situated in the sub-Saharan Africa. To be exact, the Sande society is arranged in Sierra Leone and Liberia. The Mende individuals are approximated to associate with 2,000,000, and their essential financial action is cultivating. In the Sande society, ladies used to perform ceremonies that necessary the presence of the covered figure of the Mende head protector veil. Despite the fact that there were numerous varieties in cutting styles and nearby practices because of their enormous populace, their hugeness in playing out the customs was still felt by the Sande society (Schulze 1). In the Sande society, when ladies arrived at pubescence, the commencement procedure started. The objective of the inception procedure was to show young ladies a portion of the obligations of a grown-up Mende lady. These Mende young ladies are educated to be humble in conduct just as being dedicated. During inception functions, The Mende ladies used to wear covers as a demonstration of boldness and assurance. This was likewise to exhibit to the little youngsters that they are completely welcome into adulthood. The as of now started young lady is then given a one of a kind cover only for her that is cut from a segment of a trunk of a tree. Much of the time, the cutting was produced using cotton tree. Before the cover is cut, the woodcarver is let hold up until he hears a shout from the young lady as she experiences

The Biological Approach Essay Example for Free

The Biological Approach Essay One of the most confounding issues in brain science is understanding the connection between the psyche and the mind. We as a whole perceive that we have cognizant familiarity with our environmental factors, and furthermore of ourselves (mindfulness). It is this experience which has ordinarily been portrayed as the brain. Be that as it may, what is the premise of the brain? Is it the statement of a non-physical soul, or is it a result of physical procedures inside our body? Thinkers and researchers have been considering this inquiry for quite a long time. Clarifying the idea of cognizance (that is, the brain) was respected by William James (one of the extraordinary pioneers of brain science) as the most moving inquiry for brain science to reply. Today, a hundred years after James offered that remark, the test despite everything exists. Physiological Foundations of Behavior Basic inquiries concerning psyche and mind are various essential presumptions. Most physiological analysts today are realists, who consider both to be and awareness as just the result of physiological procedures. Generally, the cerebrum is the brain. Consequently, the errand is to recognize the structures and procedures which produce cognizant mindfulness. Among the individuals who adopt this strategy are James Watson (co-pioneer of DNA) and Dominic Domasio. Both are occupied with look into planned for supporting this view, and their work has drawn open consideration. (See references underneath.) Arrayed against this position are various adversaries, who contend the issue on different grounds. Some physiological scientists have received a neo-Cartesian position, contending that cognizance (and hence the psyche) isn't restricted in any cerebrum structure, and can in this way not be unequivocally demonstrated to be simply physical in nature. Among these are John Eccles, a prominent Bri tish analyst, and the late Wilder Penfield, a spearheading Canadian neurosurgeon. Another way to deal with the issue originates from the individuals who associate psyche to the feeling of self. This thought additionally has Cartesian hints, since oneself is firmly connected with the idea of a spirit in conventional idea. While numerous variations exist, the essential contention is that oneself is a phenomenological development, which is both in nonstop motion, but then experienced as an on-going personality. In this view, the psyche/self likely could be a result of physiological procedures, however it is not any more equivalent with the hidden structures than a structure is equal with its developer. Roger Sperry, a pioneer in the investigation of hemispheric specialization, has depicted awareness as a developing procedure of the braina result of the entire, whose properties can't be clarified basically by considering the hidden structures. At present, obviously, the discussion can't be resolvedthe answer to William James exceptionally old inquiry keeps on escaping us. Considering Mind and Brain: The Use of Case Studies Probably the most punctual strategy used to investigate the functions of the cerebrum was the itemized examination of clinical patientstypically people who had endured some sort of physical injury. Such contextual investigations have frequently prompted surprising experiences. For instance, Pierra Broca in 1861 had the option to distinguish a region of the cerebrum associated with discourse creation (presently called Brocas zone) in light of reading a person who for over thirty years had endured a basic language imperfection: he could comprehend communicated in language, and could make different sounds, yet couldn't deliver lucid discourse. In view of his social perceptions and an anatomic investigation after the patient passed on, Broca inferred that discourse limit is situated in the third convolution of the frontal projection of the left half of the globe. This spoke to a sensational development in physiological understandingforming an immediate association between the structure of the cerebrum and conduct. Furthermore, Broca saw the more extensive ramifications of his examination, attesting that all conduct can be related to some particular system/structure in the braina idea called confinement of capacity. After some time, specialists have utilized contextual analyses to accumulate further help for this guideline. Today, different strategies have given better approaches to consider the elements of the mind, however contextual investigations despite everything give bits of knowledge, just as interesting perusing. The Case of Phineas Gage A standout amongst other realized clinical cases included an emotional physical issue to a disastrous railroad specialist, Phineas Gage. One day in 1848, he was taking a shot at track development close to Cavendish, Vermont. While Gage was putting a hazardous charge, a sparkle of metal against rock set off the charge, sending a long metal packing bar flying upwards. The pole entered Gages head just underneath the left eye, and left from the tob of his skull, to some degree forward of left focus. Astoundingly, Gage endure (however he was blinded in his left eye). Significantly more surprisingly, his conduct changed drastically. Though Gage had recently been agreeable and mindful, he got inconsistent, and given to horrible attacks of temper. Tragically, he spent his outstanding years meandering around the United States, showing the opening in his skull and the iron bar which had brought him such sorrow. Gages story has been a wellspring of perpetual interest from that point forward. (His skull, and the iron pole, are still in plain view in the Harvard Medical School exhibition hall.) Given the pathway of the pole through his head, no doubt the injury broadly harmed the affiliation zones of the left frontal projection. The conduct changes, particularly in emotionality, have been utilized as proof that this area is engaged with the declaration of feeling. (A view favored by backers of frontal lobotomies during the 1940s and 50s.) Medications and Behavior As talked about in the content, psychoactive medications influence conduct by influencing neural movement. Medications may do this in different manners (for instance, mimicing a characteristic synapse, or modifying its typical capacity and digestion), and numerous medications influence a wide range of sorts of neurons in different pieces of the cerebrum. Thusly, it very well may be hard to pinpoint correctly how a medication functions. This is one explanation new medications must experience broad lab and clinical testing before they are endorsed for open use. The challenges are additionally intensified when managing unlawful medications, sold in the city. Since there is no component for quality control, clients may get medications of shifting power and purityand sometimes, what is sold isn't even what it is professed to be. (For instance, a blend of strychnine and milk powder has been sold as heroin, and different substances have been sold as MDMA or euphoria.) Consequently, road drugs present two concerns: the impacts of the medication (counting long haul impacts) may not be surely known, and the dangers related with taking something whose genuine substance is unsure. Note that these worries have nothing to do with moral mentalities towards tranquilize use: they speak to handy worries about the utilization of unlawful psychoactive medications. Hereditary qualities and Behavior Not long ago, analysts declared that the mapping of the human genome, is approaching fruition, at any rate in starter structure. From numerous points of view, this speaks to perhaps the best accomplishment throughout the entire existence of science: for a certain something, our hereditary cosmetics is phenomenally perplexing, being made out of exactly 100,000 qualities made up of a huge number of individual amino acids. At a significantly more profound level, distinguishing our qualities represents the chance of understanding what job hereditary qualities plays in our conduct. The discussion between nativists, who accept that conduct is on a very basic level inborn, and preservationists, who accept our conduct is molded by our encounters, returns to antiquated occasions. (As Approaches to Psychology notes, it has been contended that the principal realized brain science analyze, in old Babylon, was worried about whether language was intrinsic or learned.) Today, a wide assortment of strategies are utilized to investigate the issues of heredity; one of the latest has been the use of transformative hypothesis to attempt to see how acquired practices may have started, called developmental brain science. (Obviously, this accept conduct is acquired in any case!) Applying the Concepts: Sensory Processes As noted in Chapter 1, the procedure of discernment begins with incitement of our faculties; our comprehension of the world beginnings with what our faculties let us know. However how do our faculties handle the assorted kinds of upgrades we experience so the cerebrum can process the data we get? While numerous subtleties are as yet not completely comprehended, it is conceivable to portray the general idea of tactile processinga process that is both mind boggling and astounding. The fundamental test for the sensory system is to decipher the data spoken to by tactile improvements into neural signalsa process called transduction. Every one of our faculties is intended to react to various kinds of boosts: light for vision, sound waves for hearing, scent particles for smell, etc. So as to deal with this decent variety, every one of our five detects utilizes various kinds of receptors, each specific to process an alternate sort of upgrade. For instance, there are receptors for contact tha t react to pressure against the skin, and various receptors that react fundamentally to warmth or cold. The receptors are the contribution for tangible neurons in the fringe sensory system. Tactile neurons thus associate with neurons in the focal sensory system (CNS), shaping specific neural pathways for every one of the five detects. This specialization is both pragmatic and essential, however it produces an intriguing consequencein quintessence, the pathways for each sense are intended to pass on data identified with that sense mode, paying little heed to what set off the movement. That is, the sensations we experience rely upon the pathway animated, not the type of the incitement. A German scientist named Johannes Mã ¼ller first noticed this during the 1830s, considering it the law of explicit nerve energie

Peek Over Our Shoulders What Rioters Are Reading On December 17, 2015

Peek Over Our Shoulders What Rioters Are Reading On December 17, 2015 In this feature at Book Riot, we give you a glimpse of what we are reading this very moment. Here is what the Rioters are reading today (as in literally today). This is what’s on their bedside table (or the floor, work bag, desk, whatevskis). See a Rioter who is reading your favorite book? I’ve included the link that will take you to their author archives (meaning, that magical place that organizes what they’ve written for the site). Gird your loins â€" this list combined with all of those archived posts will make your TBR list EXPLODE. We’ve shown you ours, now show us yours; let us know what you’re reading (right this very moment) in the comment section below! Liberty Hardy   Marrow Island by Alexis M. Smith (June 7, 2016, HMH): Smith’s novel Glaciers is one of my favorite books, and I could not be more excited for this if I swallowed a cat and broke out in kittens. (e-galley) The Girl Who Slept with God by Val Brelinski: I’m trying to catch up on a few 2015 releases I think I should read before the year is over. Rebecca loved this one, so I’m in. (hardcover) Spectacle: The Astonishing Life of Ota Benga by Pamela Newkirk: The true story of a man who was kidnapped and forced to be a human zoo exhibit. It’s horrifying, but I can’t look away. (hardcover) The Nest by Cynthia DAprix Sweeney (March 22, 2016, Ecco): I can’t pass up a funny dysfunctional family novel, and this one is getting great reviews. (galley) Jessica Pryde About a Girl by Sarah McCarry. I have been hearing so much of this from Book Riot folks that I saw it pop up on the new books at the library and immediately put it on hold. (library hardcover) Starstruck by LA Witt. I am hopping all around the Bluewater Bay as books show themselves to me. So what if its out of order? (ebook) Shadowshaper by Daniel José Older. I have had this book for months. MONTHS. It was time. And its awesome. (hardcover) These Vicious Masks by Tarun Shanker and Kelly Zekas. I also hopped into this one because of chatter amongst rioters. It is living up to it! (egalley) Jessica Woodbury The Queen of the Night by Alexander Chee: I do not like much historical fiction, but this book is like The Count of Monte Cristo with circuses, opera, mutes, intrigue, affairs, brothels, and so much more and I cannot stop. (e-galley, February from HMH) NW by Zadie Smith: I managed to miss this one when it came out, and it’s a great choice for audio, full of different accents, plus Smith’s writing which moves from lyrical to street in moments. (Audiobook, Scribd) Zainab Williams   The Wilds by Julia Elliot: I am smitten with Julia Elliot. Ive been looking for a book of short stories I would love as much as Lorrie Moores Birds of America and Im so glad I found a collection in the speculative fiction genre. Fates and Furies by Lauren Groff: This is where I begin my deep dive into Book Riots Best of 2015 list. Ive heard so much about Fates and Furies, it seems shameful to finish 2015 without reading it. Christy Childers Shopaholic to the Rescue by Sophie Kinsella: Because ever since I lightened up enough to enjoy the Shopaholic books, I’ll read pretty much anything Sophie Kinsella writes. (Galley) Modern Romance by Aziz Ansari: Because Aziz Ansari makes me laugh and also makes me think. (Audiobook) Jamie Canaves   Smaller and Smaller Circles by F.H. Batacan: Immediately grabbed me from the beginning as two Jesuit priests, a forensic anthropologist and a psychologist, are trying to stop a serial killer. (egalley) In Cuba I Was a German Shepherd by Ana Menéndez: Fantastic collection which explores the immigrant experience in Miami, mostly Cuban-Americans, through linked short stories. (Paperback) The V-Word: True Stories About First-Time Sex by Amber J. Keyser (anthology): I’ve always been obsessed with human behavior so naturally I didn’t think twice about wanting to read an anthology about virginitywell, losing it. So far every essay/story I’ve read has been excellent and there are so many different voices/experiences. (egalley) The Blue Line by Ingrid Betancourt: Historical fiction and magical realism written by a fascinating woman. (egalley) Jeanette Solomon   My True Love Gave to Me: Twelve Holiday Stories edited by Stephanie Perkins: One a night because obviously. (hardcover) Scarlet by Marissa Meyer: Getting a jump on my 2016 reading goal, which is to wade through the piles (and piles) of books and ebooks on my shelves/ereader. (ebook) Lost Stars by Claudia Gray: It’s almost time for Star Warsssss! (hardcover) Karina Glaser   The Turner House by Angela Flournoy: Met the author at Book Riot Live and finally got the book off the library hold list. (Library Hardcover) Number the Stars by Lois Lowry: Been on my TBR for years, and now I finally have it and I can’t put it down. (Library Paperback) Why Not Me? by Mindy Kaling: Because Mindy Kaling is amazing! (Library Hardcover) E.H. Kern   Lavinia by Ursula le Guin: Ursula le Guin’s novel from the point of view of Lavinia, the woman around whom the conflict of Vergil’s poem The Aeneid revolves. In the poem, Lavinia is only mentioned a few times and she never speaks. Here, le Guin has given her a voice. This is a beautifully written novel. So beautiful that I want to absorb it through osmosis rather than merely read it. Tasha Brandstatter   Master Flea by ETA Hoffmann: A Christmas-y classic I’d never heard of before, by the man who brought the world The Nutcracker. (audiobook) The Viscount Who Lived Down the Lane by Elizabeth Boyle: One of my friends loved it, it was on sale, and it doesn’t have the word duke in the title. (ebook) Derek Attig   Smoke by Dan Vyleta: The book is structured by such a strikingly weird conceit that I couldn’t resist. And I’m not disappointed at all. (egalley) Eric Smith   The Girl Who Fell by Shannon M. Parker: I’m halfway through this book, and let me tell you, it is fantastic. What starts off as a seemingly cute contemporary love story takes a dark turn into obsession, as one teen’s innocent swooning and whirlwind romance transforms into stalking. It’s a slow burn that keeps building and building, and becomes quite impossible to put down. I tore through the first half in a single day. (ARC) The Love That Split The World by Emily Henry: Time travel! Romance! Football? I’ve been warned by bookish Twitter that this was a novel that might break my heart, and I’m afraid it’s going to be one of those. I’m halfway through this sci-fi contemporary romance mashup and it is just delightful. One to watch in 2016, you guys. (ARC) Nicole Froio   Second Class Citizen by Buchi Emecheta: Just started this book and I am slowly getting into it. My edition has a foreword written by Emecheta and she says she wrote this book because reviewers were disputing her Nigerian immigrant story curious to see how she responded in the form of a book. Chaos Walking Trilogy by Patrick Ness: I finally read the first book of this series the other day and loved it. Can’t wait to read the next book. Aram Mrjoian   Tenth of December by George Saunders: I’ve been hearing rave reviews of this collection for the past two years, so when I found it on sale at Unabridged Books for $5 I had to pull the trigger (it’s been well worth it). (paperback) In Short: A Collection of Brief Creative Nonfiction, edited by Judith Kitchen and Mary Paumier Jones: A few pieces from this collection are assigned to complement the “very short fiction” class I am taking next quarter. (used paperback) Kate Scott   Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can’t Stop Talking by Susan Cain: My first audiobook in a looong time, and it’s so good. (Audiobook) Jessica Tripler   If I Was Your Girl, by Meredith Russo: this one is lighting up the Book Riot back channel, and for good reason. A YA romance with a transgender woman as a main protagonist, this is not about her transition, but follows her as she makes her way towards adulthood in a small Tennessee town as she falls in love for the first time. Bonus: the author and cover model are both trans women. (ARC) The King’s Man, by Elizabeth Kingston: Nicholas Boulton is so fantastic that I think I could actually re-read my teenage diaries if he narrated them. But what makes The King’s Man so enjoyable is the story. Set in thirteenth century Wales (nary a Scot in sight!) among the intrigues of a bid for independence from England, Ranulf, the eponymous and tortured king’s man, gets caught up with Gwenllian and her men. Yep, she’s a warrior queen. Very emotionally intense and dark, with a slow burn romance reminiscent of Laura Kinsale, I am loving every second of this one. (Audiobook) Kim Ukura   Winter by Marisa Meyer: With all good television on hiatus, I’ve been flying through the entire Lunar Chronicles quartet on audiobook. So fun. (Audiobook) Me, My Hair, and I edited by Elizabeth Benedict: I’m on board for a collection of essays by women about the complex relationship we can have with our hair. (Paperback) Nikki Steele   Radiance by Catherynne Valente: I needed a fantastical, atmospheric novel for the end of the year. Valente always delivers. (Audiobook) Rachel Smalter Hall   Troublemaker by Leah Remini: I asked my fellow Rioters if they would just tell me the highlights so I could skip Remini’s new Scientology tell-all, but they all loved it so much that I had to listen to it myself. (Audio) The Unbeatable Squirrel Girl, Vol. 1 by Ryan North and Erica Henderson: funniest, pluckiest, most bestest superhero of all time! (Trade paper, library) The Story of a New Name by Elena Ferrante: I finished the first book this summer, and now I’m ready to find out what happens to Lila and Lenù in the second installment. (Paperback, library) Claire Handscombe   Come to the Edge by Christina Haag:  Its been a long time since Ive read this favourite of mine that I keep recommending, and when I was browsing through my Audible books on a recent long flight I decided to give it a go in that format. Happy to say that its every bit as good as I remembered, and the audio is fantastic its read by the author herself, and she does a wonderful job. This time round, too, I can picture many of the locations she describes, so its nice to close my eyes and conjure them in my memory while she reads to me about them. The Marriage Plot by Jeffrey Eugenides:  I started this forever ago, then I moved to the US for my MFA and suddenly had other books I had to read, and this one fell by the wayside for a long time. But I was suddenly inspired to pick it back up, and am really enjoying it and appreciating far more post MFA than I would have before. Slightly freaky is the previously-unknown-to-me fact that its (fictional) protagonists were in the same class at Brown as the (real) Christina Haag, whose book I had just been listening to the section about Brown, in fact when I picked up The Marriage Plot to start it again. As for  Me… The Upward Spiral by Alex Korb, PhD: This is a book about neuroscience and how it relates to depression. Someone close to me suffers from depression and recommended this book to me to help understand what they are going through, and to be able to help support them. Its fascinating. Its a book that anyone with a brain can relate to you dont have to suffer from depression to get something useful from this book. It is an overview of how the brain works (written in a very readable way), and also offers very useful suggestions about how to have a healthy brain and mental state. Save

Last Night - Original Writing - 756 Words

- â€Å"Where were you last night? I thought we had agreed to spend the evening together?† - â€Å"Oh, did we? Sorry, it must have slipped my mind†, he replied with a smirk on his face. - â€Å"I was expecting you, you didn’t turn up and I worried.† I genuinely had been worried but only for a while and then I had been unexpectedly disturbed, he didn’t know that ‘though, not yet anyway. - â€Å"Oh, there was no need to worry.† - â€Å"What a stupid thing to say. Of course I was going to worry. Have you forgotten the last time? Well I haven’t and I probably never will.† - â€Å"Look, I’m sorry. I’ll make it up to you, I promise.† Here we were again, me left waiting on my own. I hated it. At first I would feel angry at having been abandoned, forgotten, but then I would start to feel guilty for being so selfish and I began to worry about him fearing that something awful had happened. My imagination would run wild. I had no one to turn to, no one to talk to. It always seemed to be me lugging around the emotional baggage for the two of us. Saddled with a sense of guilt for what had passed and a fear of what was yet to come. Had it been the other way around and I had kept him waiting I suspect he would have been angry with me. He would have made me feel like a naughty schoolchild and scolded me. Like I’d done something wrong again. That look he gives, that disapproving, ‘you need to get a grip of yourself’ look. But I’m not a child and I don’t need to be told off. Not knowing where he was lastShow MoreRelatedLast Night - Original Writing994 Words   |  4 Pagesdo to Neon and Octavia, who had no idea where I was last night—obviously. It was so stupid. I almost put everything on the line, and for what? A taste of vengeance? A destroyed heart? Loss? Pfft, if I had known I was gonna get all that, I would’ve stayed with Octavia last night and comfort her—essentially destroying my dreams, which would wreck my heart completely, losing them, and try and have my way with her. That would’ve been one helluva night if it had turned out that way. Getting my ass outRead More A Clean, Well-Lighted Place Essay1482 Words   |  6 Pageswhere the main characters are two waiters and an old man. In the story, Hemingway hardly created a background for his characters, but this was part of his minimalist writing style. He wanted to create a story that was straightforward to the reader, and in which the reader could easily understand his attitude. His purpose for writing the story was to expose his feelings on society, politics, and the individual at the time. 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The novel was published in 1941, and included Fitzgerald’s notes concerning the unfinished text. Also, the initial volume was published with The Great Gatsby and a collection of short stories that included â€Å"The DiamondRead MoreCritical Thinking Assignment 2 Essay855 Words   |  4 PagesMilissa Tift Wednesday Night September 10, 2012 Professor Calabrese Assignment #2 Critical Thinking Critical Thinking – Assignment #2 In any story there are two types of language, figurative and literal. Language is, of course a necessary factor of any story. Without Language, an author could not tell the story. The author usually uses a combination of these two languages. Together, these languages characterize the author’s style. Literal language means exactly whatRead MoreThe Act of Sex: Is It Worth the Consequences? in William Blakes Poem, The Sick Rose1402 Words   |  6 Pagesdepending on their colour. For example, the universal symbol for a red rose is love. 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Combined with his insistent alcoholism, these misfortunesRead MoreSir Walter Raleigh the Poet and Gentleman Essay651 Words   |  3 PagesGentleman Looking for tall, dark, and handsome? Sir Walter Raleigh was all of those things and so much more. As one of the most intriguing men of the Middle Ages, Sir Walter Raleighs strong religious stances, political roles, outstanding writings, and genuine charm make him Bachelor of the 16th Century. That is until he married in 1572. Sir Walter Raleigh was born in 1552, but not to the common name that is now in print. During his lifetime, his name was spelled five different ways:Read MoreThe Lizard King, Jim Morrison1597 Words   |  7 Pages1965, Morrison moved to Venice Beach where he followed his dreams and led a Bohemian lifestyle for a few years. He was a perfect example of a starving artist, often spending his nights sleeping on rooftops or on the beach, or sometimes, if he was lucky at a girlfriends house. He spent most of his days doing drugs and writing poems, and reading books. Something that many people may not be aware of is that Morrison was an avid reader with a large collection of books that traveled with him, wherever heRead MoreDirect and Indirect1235 Words   |  5 Pagesexact words. This method is called Indirect Speech or Reported Speech. Example: †¢ Direct: Clinton said, â€Å"I am very busy now.† †¢ Indirect: Clinton said that he was very busy then. †¢ Direct : He said, â€Å" my mother is writing letter.† †¢ Indirect: He said that his mother was writing letter. How to change Direct to Indirect Speech? It will be noticed that in Direct Speech, we use inverted commas to mark off the exact words of the speaker. In Indirect Speech we do not use the inverted commas. It

Concept Of Vat On Imported Services - 1819 Words

Concept of VAT on Imported Services in Nigeria Introduction: Value Added Tax (VAT) is a consumption tax payable on the goods and service consumed by any person, whether government agencies, business organizations or individuals. It is a consumption tax on economic operations including imports which in this context means goods and services brought form abroad into Nigeria. The target of VAT is consumption of goods and services and unless an item is specifically exempted under the VAT Act, Cap. V1, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 2004 (as amended by the VAT (Amendment) Act, 2007), the consumer is liable to the tax at the rate of 5%. Definitions: According to the FIRS information circular no. 9305 dated 5th November, 1993, â€Å"Nigeria†, for†¦show more content†¦Matters Arising: At different points in time in Nigeria, various issues have surrounded VAT administration since the enactment of the Value Added Tax Act, 1993 (later referred to as the â€Å"Act†) and the subsequent Value Added Tax (Amendment) Act, 2007, especially in relation to whether services rendered by a Non-Resident Company (NRC) to a Nigerian company are subject to VAT. This issue became pronounced in 2015 and 2016 when the Tax Appeal Tribunal (TAT), sitting in Abuja and Lagos handed down two conflicting decisions in Gazprom Oil Gas v FIRS (Gazprom) and Vodacom Business Nigeria Limited v FIRS (Vodacom) respectively Facts for consideration. Early in the year 2016, the Tax Appeal Tribunal sitting in Lagos gave his judgment in Vodacom v FIRS case. In this case, New Skies Satellites, a non-Nigerian company based in the Netherlands, entered into a contract for the supply of bandwidth capacities with Vodacom for its use in Nigeria. The Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) assessed the transaction to VAT and issued a re-assessment notice based on the reverse charge mechanism- a system where persons subject to pay VAT are required to self-charge and remit to the FIRS in the event that the entity that rendered the relevant services failed to include VAT in the invoice it presented to the customer. Vodacom filed an appeal at the TAT challenging the re-assessment notice issued by FIRS1. InShow MoreRelatedAccounting Aspect of Value Added Tax in Bangladesh1634 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand : âž ¢ The concept of Value added tax âž ¢ Characteristics of Vat âž ¢ Advantages and disadvantages of vat âž ¢ Contribution of Vat in Bangladesh âž ¢ some Important features of Vat in Bangladesh âž ¢ Charge of Value added Tax âž ¢ Who will pay the Vat ? âž ¢ Exemption from Vat âž ¢ Registration of Vat âž ¢ Offence and Penalties âž ¢ Accounting treatment at vat âž ¢ Vat authorities Accounting Treatment of VAT 1. Journal Entries for VAT Account : 1. When assetsRead MoreValue Added Tax And Implementing China Essay2371 Words   |  10 PagesUnited States now applied VAT. According to the research by OECD committee, consumption tax was a large source of tax revenues, and â€Å"the VAT accounted on average for 6.6% of GDP and 19.5% in total tax revenues in OECD countries in 2012,† which was the largest proportion (â€Å"Consumption tax trends 2014†). 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Concept Analysis of Pain Free Essays

string(82) " muscles moving and to later decrease pain as it relates to contributing factors\." Concept Analysis of Pain Kwanei Holloway Austin Peay State University Abstract Pain has always been a major factor in healthcare. This paper will describe pain as it relates to nursing, medicine, and physical therapy. All of the information gathered is analyzed in reference to how pain relates to hospital stay, rehabilitation, and prevention. We will write a custom essay sample on Concept Analysis of Pain or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will ultimately give an overall picture of the importance of pain and how it relates to nursing as well as other disciplines. Introduction This paper is a concept analysis of what is known as the fifth vital sign PAIN. As stated by Hsiao, Wu, Chen (2013), Nursing staff are the major group of healthcare professionals who perform crucial functions in delivering nursing care to inpatients. I will attempt to describe pain as it relates to nursing, medicine, and physical therapy. When selecting a concept, I began by thinking what is an important factor in the nursing field and could be analyzed in more detail. Pain is a factor that is thought of differently by many. It is a very subjective factor and that applies to the patients, physicians, and nurses. Yes, it is the patient that feels the pain but it is the physician who writes the orders and the nurse who transcribes it. I then figured that this area of nursing practice would be a great concept to analyze. Pain is a feeling triggered in the nervous system. Pain may be sharp or dull. It may come and go, or it may be constant. You may feel pain in one area of your body, such as your back, abdomen or chest or you may feel pain all over, such as when your muscles ache from the flu. Pain can be helpful in diagnosing a problem. Without pain, you might seriously hurt yourself without knowing it, or you might not realize you have a medical problem that needs treatment. Once you take care of the problem, pain usually goes away. However, sometimes pain goes on for weeks, months or even years. This is called chronic pain. Sometimes chronic pain is due to an ongoing cause, such as cancer or arthritis (â€Å"Pain†). In the nursing field as well as any other areas of healthcare, pain is a vital factor when dealing with the delivery of care. It is the responsibility of he physician to ensure relief from pain by writing the orders, it is the responsibility of the nurse to carry out the orders and give the pain medication, and in the area of physical therapy it is their responsibility to ensure that the patient is medicated to retrieve the best results while in therapy. Purpose and Method The purposes are to define what pain is considered to be in relationship to the patient, nurse, physician, and physical ther apist. It is also, to find out the subjectiveness of the fifth vital sign and to explore pain as it relates to hospitalization. Walker Avant (2005) guided this concept analysis study. Pain in Nursing Almost 35 million patients were discharged from U. S. hospitals in 2004; of these patients, 46 percent had a surgical procedure and 16 percent had one or more diagnostic procedures. Pain is common, and expected, after surgery. Recent data suggest 80 percent of patients experience pain postoperatively with between 11 and 20 percent experiencing severe pain, (Wells, Pasero, Mcraffery, 2008). There are many contributing factors as pain relates to nursing. Pain is the main factor that contributes to a person deciding to seek medical attention. It is very important to include this as a part of an assessment because it can affect so many other things. It can cause a blood pressure to be elevated, it can increase a blood glucose, and can cause an overall disturbance in the patients’ hospital stay or ADL’s. In nursing our aim is to provide comfort and surrccome to the patients’ needs as a part of their overall care plan. As stated by Wells, Pasero, Mcraffery, 2008, inadequately managed pain can lead to adverse physical and psychological patient outcomes for individual patients and their families. Continuous, unrelieved pain activates the pituitary-adrenal axis, which can suppress the immune system and result in postsurgical infection and poor wound healing. Pain in Medicine Medical professionals have a big impact on pain as it relates to healthcare. Physicians have to generate a care plan that will ultimately be in the favor of the patient as far as relieving the pain in the most appropriate way. This is achieved by not altering consciousness, normal ADL’s, and in the correct combination with other medications. The board strongly urges physicians and surgeons to view effective pain management as a high priority in all patients, including children, the elderly, and patients who are terminally ill. Pain should be assessed and treated promptly, effectively and for as long as pain persists. The medical management of pain should be based on up-to-date knowledge about pain, pain assessment and pain treatment (â€Å"Guidelines for prescribing,† 2007). Nociception is the term used to describe the neural processes by which a noxious substance or a tissue damaging event such as surgical incision is perceived as pain (Fig 1). This is described in four stages, transduction, transmission, perception and modulation. Nociception involves a complex interaction between the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) as well as an evaluation of patients’ pre and post-operative psychological and environmental influences (Wood, 2010). Pain in Physical Therapy Due to factors such as surgery, stroke, or basic deconditioning there is a need for rehabilitation. Physical Therapist play an essential role in the patients’ road to recovery. A patient-centered rehabilitative approach that emphasizes restoration of normal movement and function incorporates physical therapy as a vital component of the collaborative approach required for effective pain management (â€Å"Physical therapy for,† 1998). Overall therapy is lessened with pain. Patients move slower and are less involved with therapy if pain is present. Therapy is put into place to get those muscles moving and to later decrease pain as it relates to contributing factors. You read "Concept Analysis of Pain" in category "Essay examples" These factors may include surgeries (hip or knee replacements), amputations (AKA, BKA, Metatarsal, and digital), and weakness (from CVA, CABG, and decrease movements). Patients with pain perceive an equivalent level of exertion at a significantly lower level of performance, a finding accounted for by both central (cardiorespiratory) and peripheral (muscle strength and recruitment) factors. Inactivity also deprives bones, joint cartilage, and connective tissue of the mechanical stress necessary to maintain tensile and compressive strength and elasticity. Evidence is building that motor control and proprioceptive efficiency are altered, balance is compromised, and reaction times are slower in persons who are unfit or have pain (â€Å"Physical therapy for†, 1998). Essential/Critical Attributes According to Cheng, Foster Huang, (2003) the critical attributes of pain include: (a) unpleasant and distressful experiences originating from physical sensation and having both positive and negative meanings for an individual; (b) an individual human experience; (c) a state of feeling in both sensation and emotion (verbal), and behavioral components; (d) physical and psychological responses to the stimulus; (e) function of pain, including protective and warning signs; (f) pain responses are learned and influenced by personality, environment, emotions, social and culture. Model Case Mrs. K is a 37 year old female with recent diagnosis of breast cancer. She has recently undergone a mastectomy and is now in the hospital for recovery. Upon the nurses’ hourly rounds she discovered Mrs. K crying, when asked what the nurse could do to help she stated that â€Å"I am in pain and can’t believe that I only have one breast now, I’m ugly and would have never thought it would hurt this bad†. The nurse consoled her and brought pain meds. When returning the patient thanked the nurse for the talk and she stated that the pain had eased and she always thought she would have breast cancer due to both her mom and grandmother having it. Related Case Mrs. T is a 35 year old female with breast soreness and discharge. She was found to only have fibroid tissue and nothing metastatic in her breast, but due to family history she elected to have bilateral mastectomies. She was ordered a PCA pump due to hourly pain calls and when the nurse entered the room she was crying c/o continuous pain. She states â€Å"I can’t take this pain and I hate I did this†. The nurse took time to talk with the patient and informed the physician of her crying and got new orders. During the nurses hourly rounds she found her sitting up on the phone and she explained to the nurse that she feels better and glad that she had the surgery because she did not want to go through what her mother and grandmother went through with breast cancer. Contrary Case Mr. M is a 45 year old that had a motor vehicle accident when he was 20 and is now going from hospital to hospital to try to get IV pain medication. He complains of back pain but x-ray results does not show any back issues but due to out of control behavior he is admitted and given pain medication. He refuses all by mouth pain meds and demands IV meds. He does not show any signs of pain when assessed and all staff believes him to be addicted to pain medication. A psych consult is ordered. This patient is not in true pain but has psychiatric issues. Antecedents and Consequences For this particular concept the antecedents and consequences would be all interrelated due to the fact that in nursing, medicine, and physical therapy the same factors apply for pain. Environmental, personal and cultural values act as antecedents related to the concept of pain. The consequences of pain are related to pain reaction and the individual’s own interpretation of the meaning of pain. Pain reaction has a more physical and biological focus; coping with pain refers to the perception of pain and is psychologically focused (Cheng, Foster ; Huang, 2003). When thinking of environmental, personal, and cultural values you begin to think of things such as the patients comorbidities, what the patient perceives as pain, and in their culture how is pain thought of. In many cultures it may be thought of that you must tolerate pain as long as you can while in other cultures their pain threshold is low so any uncomfortable feeling renders a pain medication. Consequences ultimately come from the patient themselves, what is perceived as pain and their history of pain. For example, a patient that has had a laminectomy may think because the pain was horrific the first time that it will be the same the next time, expecting the same relief factors even if the pain is not the same. Empirical Referents Empirical Referents are stated as what it used to measure the concept. Pain is very subjective and they have yet to invent an objective test that will give you the accuracy of some ones pain. They are measured by a scaling system. Most scales make pain measurable, and can tell providers whether your pain is mild, moderate or severe. They can also set baselines and trends for your pain, making it easier to find appropriate treatments. This includes the Numerical Rating scale asking for a pain rating on a scale of 1-10, the Wong-Baker scale which will include facial expressions to emphasize pain, or the Verbal-rating scale and in this scale the patient must complete a questionnaire to describe their pain in more detail (Jacques, 2010). Implications in Nursing In nursing pain is a major factor in treating the patient as it relates to the overall hospitalization. How are we able to get the blood pressure down if the patient is in constant pain? or how can I discharge a patient when they are in a lot of pain? Implications in nursing goes for all aspects of nursing from skin integrity to normal ADL’s. A patient may not turn as they should because they are in the fetal position due to pain which could cause skin issues or pain will cause them not to take a bath as usual. Pain can even cause depression as it decreases normal functioning. This concept is very important in the nursing field and should be treated and assessed appropriately. Conclusion In conclusion I chose to analyze pain as it relates to nursing, medicine, and physical therapy. It is a major factor in that it is related to all aspects of care that is received by these disciplines. Pain is the main contributing factor that causes someone to seek medical attention. Without pain we could have serious issues being that we would not know when were sick, burned, or injured. Pain is very important in healthcare and applies to nursing, medicine, and physical therapy. References Desai, G. , ; Chaturvedi, S. (2012). Pain with no cause! urses’ perception. Indian Journal of Palliative Care, 18(3), 162. Retrieved from http://www. medknow. com Hsiao, J. L. , Wu, W. C. , Chen , R. F. (2013). Factors of accepting pain management decision support systems by nurse anesthetists. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 13, 16. Retrieved from http://www. biomedcentral. com/bmcmedinformdecismak/ (n. d. ). Pain. Med Plus Trusted Information for You, Retrieved fr om http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/pain. html Walker, L. Avant, K. (2005). Strategies for theory construction in nursing (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Wells, N. , Pasero, C. , McCaffery, M. (2008). Improving the quality of care through pain assessment and management. Patient Safety and Quality: An evidence based handbook for nursing, Retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/books/NBK2658/ (2007). Guidelines for prescribing controlled substances for pain. Medical Board of California, Retrieved from http://www. mbc. ca. gov/pain_guidelines. html Wood, S. (2010). Post operative pain 1: Understanding the factors affecting patients’ experiences of pain. Retrieved from http://www. nursingtimes. et/nursing-practice/clinical-zones/pain-management/post-operative-pain-1-understanding-the-factors-affecting-patients-experiences-of-pain/5021696. article (1998). Physical therapy for chronic pain. 6(3), Retrieved from www. iasp-pain. org/AM/TemplateRedirect. cfm? template=/CM/†¦ Cheng, S. , Foster, R. , Huang, C. (2003). Concept analysis of pain. Retrieved from www. tzuchi. com. tw/file/DivIntr o/nursing/content/92-3/3. Jacques, E. (2010). Using pain scales to effectively communicate pain intensity. Can you rate your pain? , Retrieved from http://pain. about. com/od/testingdiagnosis/a/pain_scales. htm How to cite Concept Analysis of Pain, Essay examples

Accreditation Council of Pharmacy Education †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Accreditation Council of Pharmacy Education. Answer: Introdiuction: Panopticism is referred as the social or theoretical framework which is named after Panopticon. The theory was established by French philosopher named Michel Foucault (Schaltegger Burritt, 2017). Panoticon provides explanation to the tentative laboratory associated with the authority that can be transformed or amended as the symbol of surveillance. It is generally considered as the tool of disciplinary tool for surveillance. For instance, the example of Pannotion has increased surveillance effect on the surveillance in the age of technology and it is noticed that surveillance possess the appeal of culture. The development in the observable data is provided in the organization and the individuals from the data mining tools (Lanen, 2016). This has resulted in the development of surveillance of data that can address the mode of surveillance that helps in pointing out the distant transaction source by considering the algorithmic manufacturing. In the current aspect of management accounting, Panopticism helps in the process of management accounting as it helps in keeping a record for each single transaction along with the necessary figures (Eldenburg et al., 2016). Therefore, Panopticism helsp in figuring out the mistakes and errors and appropriate steps for rectification in order to make sure that the accounting procedure remains authentic. The functions of management accounting are as follows; Planning: Planning as the functions of management accounting refers to the short term and long term application of plans to achieve the desired outcome. The functions of management accounting is closely associated with the planning process (Ingersoll, 2015). This is because it provides managers with the required information for decision making and providing reports that estimate the impacts of alternative course of actions. Organizing: Once the process of organising is established an organizational framework and passing on the responsibilities to people that are working in the organization to attain the business goals and objects (Jones et al., 2017). The form of organizational structures differs one business to another business. Therefore, organising necessitates clearness regarding each managers accountability and authority lines. Decision making: Decision making is considered as the procedure of selecting from the opposing substitutes. Decision making is inherited in the functions of management accounting such as planning, organising and controlling. The manager cannot plan without making decision and has the select from the competing objectives and methods of carrying out the selected objectives. As stated by (Dixon et al., 2018) maintaining routine and have become very complex element in the current world since humans are inevitable to mistakes in the contemporary words. As per the Van Helen Rock Band checklist is vital tool of implementing control. Checklist are helpful in the implementation and composition of control. According to the rock band, it is considered that Checklist is an important tool of implementing control since this assures that every person that are engaged in the job is better able to understand the goals and complying with the necessary procedure. As stated by the rock band they gain by using checklist since check list according to rock band is highly considered to be highly portable. With the help of checklist, the rock band is better able to manage the consistency of supply, inventories and they are generally considered as the time saving element by adding up the needed records amid the other things (Weygandt et al., 2015). Under this conditions checklists not only helps in maintaining necessary records but also required for necessary success. The system of perpetual inventory continuously updates the records for the small organizations when it makes the use of the raw materials or sells the products to the consumers (Warren et al., 2015). Organizations that uses the perpetual system of inventory must apply the system of physical count of stock in to the day-to-day organizations inventory and compare the quantity against the records of inventory. The physical stock take in this system would act as the tool for investigating in the discrepancies of the inventory record in order to determine the reasons for improper quantities. Overtime refers to the augmented pay for each hour which an hourly worker is entitled to get when they put in more than the prescribed hour work per day or week (Handy Polimeni, 2017). The overtime payment that is paid to the worker is considered as into the indirect labour cost and the same is accounted into the overhead costs. Costing refers to the system of accounting in which all the costs that are sustained in executing the activity or achieving the objective are collected, categorised and verified. The emergence of 1980 era bought an intensive competition across the world with increased importance of overloads with the decline in the direct labour (Greenberg Wilner, 2015). Also there was problems which was being faced with the traditional system of costing. The activity based is considered as the precise and favoured over the traditional cost accounting system. The ABC methods of cost system is created when the expenses of the business are higher and there are several mixed goods. Incorrectness and mistakes are considered unwelcome due to the rates that is set by the market participants. For the reason that heavy and stiff rivalry, a greatly dependable and correct system of cost management is required. The traditional method of cost accounting makes the use of the single overhead pool and it is unable to compute the actual costs. The costs objects are assigned arbitrarily the basis of machine hours and labour (Edmonds et al., 2016). On the other hand, the ABC system of costing includes the identification of products parts or the labour while the traditional cost accounting arbitrarily assembles the expenses, salaries and depreciation. The targeted costs which is created upon the activities are computed through ABC costing. The ABC system is considered to be beneficial because it aids in streamlining the course of decision making and makes the concept of administration turns out to be target oriented. The activity based costing method helps in assessing the performance and setting out the standards that help the managers to make use of the information for the purpose of comparative study. Under the traditional costing systems, the business decides the cost of productions following the production of budgets while under the ABC costing the value of the product is ascertained based on the feedback of consumer. The structure of activity based costing helps in determining the company whether to reduce or increase the activity costs to grab the attention of customers (Scott, 2015). The system of cost helps in keeping up with the market participants without forgoing the quantity and superiority of the products. The activity based costing helps the company in developing strategy, long range plans and competitive advantage by placing focus on the activities. ABC system of costing uses the cost identification objects which is selected along with the direct costs that are associated with the products. In spite of the benefits there are certain arguments against the ABC costing system in the cost allocation areas (Edmonds et al., 2016). With the availability of data there are some costs that requires allocation to department and product allocation. This leads to occurrence of costs that may not be at times be regarded possible. It can be stated that traditional costing system is not accurate as the ABC system. Traditional costing system may also lead to substantial under valuation and over valuation. Total Cost of S1 Department (x) = Direct Centre Cost of S1 + [20% * Total Cost of S2 (y) ] =, x = $20000 + (20% X y) b) Total Cost of S2 Department (y) = Direct Centre Cost of S2 + [ 15% * Total Cost of S1 (x)] =, y = $25000 + (15% X x) =, y= $25000 + [15% x ($20000 + 20%y)] =, y= $25000 + $3000 + 3%y =, y-0.03y = $28000 =, 0.97y = $28000 =, y = $28000/0.97 = $28868 x = $20000 + 20%y =, x = $20000 + (20% x $28868) =. x = $20000 + $5773 = $25773 Reference List: Dixon, G. D., Taylor, A. D., Utting Jr, R. W., Eaton, J. L., Im, S. L. (2018).U.S. Patent Application No. 15/541,283. Edmonds, T. P., Edmonds, C. D., Tsay, B. Y., Olds, P. R. (2016).Fundamental managerial accounting concepts. McGraw-Hill Education. Eldenburg, L. G., Wolcott, S. K., Chen, L. H., Cook, G. (2016).Cost management: Measuring, monitoring, and motivating performance. Wiley Global Education. Greenberg, R. K., Wilner, N. A. (2015). Using concept maps to provide an integrative framework for teaching the cost or managerial accounting course.Journal of Accounting Education,33(1), 16-35. Handy, S. A., Polimeni, R. S. (2017). Concept Mapping-A Graphical Tool to Enhance Learning in an Introductory Cost or Managerial Accounting Course.Journal of the Academy of Business Education,18. Ingersoll, K. (2015). Inventory management for the pharmacy technician.Educational Review Systems. Accreditation Council of Pharmacy Education (ACPE). Jones, M. A., Taylor, R. J., Snelgrove, R., Tripathi, R. (2017).U.S. Patent Application No. 15/313,870. Lanen, W. (2016).Fundamentals of cost accounting. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Schaltegger, S., Burritt, R. (2017).Contemporary environmental accounting: issues, concepts and practice. Routledge. Scott, W. R. (2015).Financial accounting theory(Vol. 2, No. 0, p. 0). Prentice Hall. Warren, C. S., Reeve, J. M., Duchac, J. (2015).Managerial accounting. Nelson Education. Weygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. D., Kieso, D. E. (2015).Financial managerial accounting. John Wiley Sons.